Publications

Key BAT publications

De Beer, L. T., Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2022). Investigating the validity of the short form Burnout Assessment Tool: A job demands-resources approach. African Journal of Psychological Assessment, 4, 1–9. https:\doi.org\10.4102\ajopa.v4i0.95.
De Beer, L.T., Schaufeli, W.B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J., Shimazu, A., Glaser, J., Seubert, C., J Bosak, J., Sinval, J., & Rudnev, M. (2020) Measurement invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) across seven cross-national representative samples. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 4604. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155604.
De Beer, L., Schaufeli, W.B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J.J., Kaliaianen, J., Glaser, J., Seubert, C., Shimazu, A., Procházka, J., Kajzar, A., & Christensen, M. (2024). Revisiting a global burnout score with the Burnout Assessment Tool across nine country samples. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.
Consiglio, P., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., Jansen, E. P. W. A., & Fleer, J. (2025). Validation of the Burnout Assessment Tool among (inter)national students from a Dutch university. European Review of Applied Psychology , 75(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2025.101079.
Hadzibajramovic, E., Schaufeli, W. & De Witte, H. (2021), A Rasch analysis of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). PlosONE, 15 (11): e0242241. https://doi.org/10.1371.
Hadžibajramović, E., Schaufeli, W., & De Witte, H. (2022). Shortening of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) – from 23 to 12 items using content and Rasch analysis.BMC Public Health, 22, 560. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12946-y.
Hadžibajramović, E., Schaufeli, W., & De Witte, H. (2024). The ultra-short version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT4)-development, validation, and measurement invariance across countries, age and gender. PloS One, 19(2), e0297843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297843.
Hadžibajramović, E., Hansson, M., Akerstrom, M., & Dencker, A. (2022). Burnout among midwives: The factorial structure of the burnout assessment tool and an assessment of burnout levels in a Swedish national sample. BMC Health Services Research, 22:1167 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08552-8.
Ismail R. , Vallasamy .SK . (2025( Burnout Assessment Tool development and validation for healthcare workers: A psychometric approach using Rasch modelling and Exploratory Factor Analysis. Kesmas. 2025; 20(4): 279-287. https/:/doi.org/10.7454/kesmas.v20i4.2291
Osca, A., Barrado, J., & Millán, L. (2024). Validation of the burnout assessment tool-core symptoms in Spanish veterinarians, sex invariance, and cutoff points. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1454775.
Redelinghuys, K. & Morgan, B. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Burnout Assessment Tool across four countries. BMC Public Health. 23, 824 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15604-z.
Schaufeli, W., Desart, S. & De Witte, H. (2020). The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) – development, validity and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495.
Schaufeli, W., De Witte, H. (2023). A fresh look at burnout: The Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). In: Krägeloh, C.U., Alyami, M., Medvedev, O.N. (Eds.) International Handbook of Behavioral Health Assessment. Springer, Cham (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_54-1.
Schaufeli, W.B, De Witte, H., Hakanen, J., Kaltiainen, J., & Kok, R. (2023). How to assess severe burnout? Cutoff points for the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) based on three European samples. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 49, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4093.
Shoman, Y., Hostettler, R., & Canu, I. G. (2023). Psychometric validity of the Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure and the Burnout Assessment Tool: A systematic review. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxocology, 74, 238–245. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2023-74-3769.
Spătaru, B., Podină, I. R., Tulbure, B. T., & Maricuțoiu, L. P. (2024). A longitudinal examination of appraisal, coping, stress, and mental health in students: A cross-lagged panel network analysis. Stress and Health, (May). https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3450.
Van der Vaart, L., de Beer, L.T., De Witte, H., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2025). Intra-syndrome dynamics of burnout: Cross-lagged relations among core components. International Journal of Stress Management. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000382.

NATIONAL BAT VERSIONS

Arabia

Samhan, A.J.J, Alfuqaha, O., Zeadnih, R.F., Abdelhadi, L.M., & Alhalaiqa, F. (2025). Measuring the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the work-related Burnout Assessment Tool among Jordanian nurses and midwives. General Medicine, 27(02), 2552-2563. https://doi.org/ 02.10440/GM.28.02.2025.01.

Belgium

Van Royen, A., Wante, L., & Breaty, C. (2024). A validation of the Flemish School Burnout Assessment Tool for students between 17 and 21 years old (FS-BAT). Mental Health and Prevention, 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2024.200374

Brazil & Portugal

ChilE

Carmona-Halty, M., Alarcón-Castillo, K., Semir-González, C., Sepúlveda-Páez, G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2024). Burnout Assessment Tool for Students (BAT-S): Evidence of validity in a Chilean sample of undergraduate university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1434412

croatia

Tomas, J., Maslić Seršić, D. M., Mikac, U., Rebernjak, B., Buško, V. & De Witte, H. (2023). Validation of the Croatian version of the short form of the Burnout Assessment Tool: Findings from a nationally representative sample. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12447
Seršić, D., ,Rebernjak, B,, Makic, U., Buško, V., Tomas, J., & De Witte, H. (2025). Measuring Burnout Syndrome in Croatia Using the BAT-23: Validation study and statistical norms. Psihologijske Teme, 34, 437–459. https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.34.3.4

Equador

Vinueza-Solorzano , A.M., Portalanza-Chavarria, C.A., Freitas, C.P., Schaufeli, W.B., De Witte, H., Vazquez, A.C., & Hutz, C.S. (2021). The Ecuadorian version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT): Adaptation and validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 7171, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137121.

Finland

Hakanen, J., & Kaltiainen, J. (2022). Työuupumuksen arviointi Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) -menetelmällä [Assessment of burnout using the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) method; In Finnish). Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (Työterveyslaitos).Retrieved from www.ttl.fi

Greece

Italy

Iceland

Tómasdóttir, K. L. (2025). Burnout in Iceland. Total scores on the Burnout Assessmenttool, self-reorted burnout and the impact of demographic factors. MSc thesis. Department of psychology, Reykjavik University.

IRan

Kalani, S., Esfahani, M. D., & Khanlari, P. (2024). A Persian validation of the burnout assessment tool. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19314-y

Japan

Sakakibara, K., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H., &, Schaufeli, W.B. (2020). Validation of the Japanese Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-J). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1819. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01819.

Korea

Cho, S. (2020) Validation of the Korean version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (K-BAT): A preliminary study [In Korean]. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organization Psychology, 33, 461-499.

lithuania

Lazauskaitė-Zabielskė, J., Žiedelis, A., Jakštienė, R., Urbanavičiūtė, I., & de Witte, H. (2023). The Lithuanian version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-LT): Psychometric characteristics of the primary and secondary symptoms scales. Frontiers in Psychology, (November), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287368.
Lazauskaitė-Zabielskė, J., Žiedelis, A., Jakštienė, R., Urbanavičiūtė, I., & de Witte, H. (2023). The Lithuanian version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-LT): psychometric characteristics of the primary and secondary symptoms scales. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1287368

Norway

De Beer, L. T., Christensen, M., Sørengaard, T. A., Innstrand, S. T., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2023). The psychometric properties of the Burnout Assessment Tool in Norway: A thorough investigation into construct-relevant multidimensionality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12996.
Borgen, V. (2025), A Validation Study of the BAT-4. Master Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim.

Poland

Basinska, B. A., Gruszczynska E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2021). The Polish adaptation of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-PL) by Schaufeli et al [In Polish]. Psychiatria Polska, 255: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/141563.

Romania

Oprea, B., Iliescu, D. & De Witte, H. (2021). Romanian short version of the Burnout Assessment Tool: Psychometric properties. Evaluation & the Health Professions https://doi.org/10.1177/01632787211048924.
Popescu, B., Maricuțoiu, L. P., & Witte, H. De. (2023). The student version of the Burnout assessement tool ( BAT ): psychometric properties and evidence regarding measurement validity on a romanian sample. Current Psychology https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04232-w.

SOUTH AFRICA

De Beer, L. T., Schaufeli, W. B., & De Witte, H. (2022). The psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-23) in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13978-0.

SPAIN

THAILAND

Turkey

Koçak, Ö., Gençay, O., & Schaufeli, W. (2022). BAT-TR: Tükenmişlik Ölçme Aracı’nın (BAT) Türkçeye Uyarlanması. [BAT-TR: Turkish Adaptation of Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) In Turkish].Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology, 42(3), 509–549. https://doi.org/10.26650/sp2020-799817

BAT publications per year (selection)

2025

Tóth, E., & Jagodics, B. (2025). Examining university student burnout in relation to demands, resources and perfectionism: The mediating role of emotional regulation. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 9(3), 212–229. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202534349.

2024

2023

Akerstrom, M., Sengpiel, V., Hadžibajramović, E., Carlsson, Y., Graner, S., Andersson, O., … Linden, K. (2023). The COPE Staff study: Study description and initial report regarding job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout among Swedish maternal and neonatal healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (November, 1–9). https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14772.
Barnard, N. B., Rothmann, S., De Beer, L. T., & Lubbe, W. (2023). Burnout of emergency nurses in a South African context: The role of job demands and resources, and capabilities. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1119063.
Bellemans, L., Devos, G., Tuytens, M., & Vekeman, E. (2023). The role of self-efficacy on feelings of burnout among Flemish school principals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Educational Administration, 61(6), 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-09-2022-0138.
Bianchi, R., Cavalcante, D. C., Queirós, C., Santos, B. D. M., Verkuilen, J., & Schonfeld, I. S. (2023). Validation of the Occupational Depression Inventory in Brazil: A study of 1612 civil servants. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111194.
Brulin, E., Lidwall, U., Seing, I., Nyberg, A., Landstad, B., Sjöström, M., … Nilsen, P. (2023). Healthcare in distress: A survey of mental health problems and the role of gender among nurses and physicians in Sweden. Journal of Affective Disorders, 339(March), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.042.
Buono, C., Spagnoli, P., Clark, M., Haynes, N. J., Balducci, C., Buono, C., … Equivalence, U. S. M. (2023). A further examination of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) in Italy and the U.S. : Measurement equivalence , convergent , discriminant , and predictive validity. Journal of personality Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2023.2276268.
Crombez-Bequet, N., Schiffer, F., & L. (2023). Assessment of the condition of psychic health of French firefighters. L’ Encéohale, 1(1), 1–11.
de Amorim Macedo, M. J., de Freitas, C. P. P., Bermudez, M. B., Souza Vazquez, A. C., Salum, G. A., & Dreher, C. B. (2023). The shared and dissociable aspects of burnout, depression, anxiety, and irritability in health professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: A latent and network analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 166(March), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.09.005.
Du Bois, K., Sterkens, P., Lippens, L., Baert, S., & Derous, E. (2023). Beyond the hype: (How) are work regimes associated with job burnout?International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043331.
Felicia, F., Sudibjo, N., & Harsanti, H. R. (2023). Impact of psychosocial risk on intention to leave work during COVID-19 in Indonesia: The mediatory roles of burnout syndrome and job satisfaction. Heliyon, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17937.
Fleuren, B.P.I., Nübold, A., Uitdewilligen, S., Verduyn, P., Hülsheger, U.. (2023). Troubles on troubled minds: An intensive longitudinal diary study on the role of burnout in the resilience process following acute stressor exposure of burnout in the resilience process following acute stressor exposure. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2022.2161369.
Fynn, A., & van der Walt, H. D. (2023). Examining staff burnout during the transition to teaching online due to COVID-19 implications. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v21i0.2062.
Giancaspro, M. L. (2023). The art of designing work: Work/family interface as a mediator in the relationship between work design, burnout, and performance. Behavioral sciences 13, 965. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/bs13120965.
Hallaran, A. J., & Jessup, S. J. (2023). Examining predictors of intention to leave in home care and differences among types of providers. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4120204.
Harju, L. K., Seppälä, P., & Hakanen, J. J. (2023). Bored and exhausted? Profiles of boredom and exhaustion at work and the role of job stressors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 144(June 2022), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2023.103898.
Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. J. (2023). Why increase in telework may have affected employee well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic? The role of work and non-work life domains. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04250-8.
Månsson Sandberg, H., Landstad, B. J., Tjulin, Å., & Brulin, E. (2023). COVID-19- related work, managerial factors and exhaustion among general practitioners in Sweden: A cross-sectional study. BMC Primary Care, 24, 269. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-023-02228-w.
Palvimo, T., Vauhkonen, A., & Hult, M. (2023). The associations among destructive leadership, job demands and resources, and burnout among nurses: A cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Nursing Management, https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4289450.
Tenriawaru, I., Rivai, F., Sidin, A. I., Pasinringi, S. A., & Bahry, N. (2023). Nursing demands and resources: Understanding their influence on job crafting, 63(06), 9765–9775.
Van Waeyenberg, T. (2023). Why do employees attend work sick? The assessment and relevance of opposite presenteeism motivations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, (October), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12481.

2022

Aboutalebi Karkavandi, M., Gallagher, H. C., Wang, P., Kyndt, E., Lusher, D., Block, K., & McKenzie, V. (2022). School staff wellbeing: A network-based assessment of burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(October), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920715
Borrelli, I., Santoro, P. E., Fiorilli, C., Angelini, G., Buonomo, I., Benevene, P., … Moscato, U. (2022). A new tool to evaluate burnout: the Italian version of the BAT for Italian healthcare workers. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12881-y
Buonomo, I., Santoro, P. E., Benevene, P., Borrelli, I., Angelini, G., Fiorilli, C., … Moscato, U. (2022). Buffering the effects of burnout on healthcare professionals’ health: The mediating role of compassionate relationships at work in the COVID era. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158966.
Daniels S., Clement D. B. P., Desart S., Saenen N., Sleurs H., Nawrot T. S., Malina R., Plusquin M. (2022). Introducing nature at the work floor: A nature-based intervention to reduce stress and improve cognitive performance. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113884..
De Vries, A., Broks, V., Bleomers, W., Kuntze, J., & De Vreis, R. (2022). Self-, other- and meta-perceptiuons of personality: Relations with burnout symptoms and eudaimonic workplace wel-being. Plos ONE 17(7): e0272905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272095.
Fiorilli, C., Barni, D., Russo, C., Marchetti, V., Angelini, G., & Romano, L. (2022). Students’ burnout at university: The role of gender and worker status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811341
Haar, J. (2022). What are the odds of burnt-out risk after leaving the job? Turnover intent consequences of worker burnout using a two sample New Zealand study. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. https://doi.org/1111/ijsa.12393.
Hagqvist, E., Ekberg, K., Lidwall, U., Nyberg, A., Landstad, B. J., Wilczek, A., … Sjöström, M. (2022). The Swedish HealthPhys Study: Study description and prevalence of clinical burnout and major depression among physicians. Chronic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470221083866
Hellin, E., Rochel, A., Libert, B., & Dehanne, F. (2022). Assessing the risk of burnout in three belgian hospitals. International Journal of Nursing and Health Care Research, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.29011/2688-9501.101344
Innstrand, S. T. (2022). Burnout among Health Care Professionals during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811807
Kaltiainen, J., & Hakanen, J. (2022). Changes in occupational well-being during COVID-19: the impact of age, gender, education, living alone, and telework in a Finnish four-wave population sample. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 48(6), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4033
Mai, T., Franke, V., Todisco, L., Schilder, M., & Rohde, G. (2022). The situation of physicians in acute hospitals during the second wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: An online survey. Zeitschrift Fur Evidenz, Fortbildung Und Qualitat Im Gesundheitswesen. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2022.08.005
Schaufeli, W.B., De Witte, H., & Kok, R. (2022). Inzet van vragenlijsten bij stressgerelateerde aandoeingen: Het verschil maken met BAT and 4DKL [The use of questionnaires for stress-related disorders: Making a difference with the BAT and 4DSQ]. Tijdschrift voor Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskunden (TBV), 30, 41-45.
Sjöblom, K., Juutinen, S., & Mäkikangas, A. (2022). The importance of self-leadership strategies and psychological safety for well-being in the context of enforced remote work. Challenges, 13(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13010014.
Sørengaard TA, Langvik E (2022), The protective effect of fair and supportive leadership against burnout in police employees, Safety and Health at Work, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.shaw.2022.09.002.
Van den Boogert, F., Spaan, P., Sizoo, B., Bouman, Y. H. A., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Roza, S. J. (2022). Sensory processing, perceived stress and burnout symptoms in a working population during the COVID‐19 crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042043.
Yokoyama, K., Nakatai, A., Kannari, Y., Nickel, F., Deci, N., Krause, A., & Dettmers, J. (2022). Burnout and poor perceived health in flexible working time in Japanese employees: The role of self-endangering behavior in relation to workaholism, work engagement, and job stressors. Industrial Health, 60, 295-306

2021

2020

2019